Emergency Equipment and Procedures

Proper emergency equipment and procedures are critical for ensuring safety during abnormal or emergency situations. This guide covers the essential emergency equipment found on most aircraft, how to use it, and related procedures.

1. Emergency Equipment Overview

Aircraft are equipped with various emergency tools and systems designed to protect the safety of passengers and crew. Pilots must familiarize themselves with the location, operation, and maintenance of this equipment.

1.1 Fire Extinguishers

• Location: Typically located within reach of the pilot or near the cockpit.
• Type: Most aircraft fire extinguishers use Halon, which is effective for electrical and fuel fires.
• Usage Procedure (PASS):
  • P: Pull the safety pin.
  • A: Aim at the base of the fire.
  • S: Squeeze the handle.
  • S: Sweep the nozzle side to side.

1.2 Life Vests

• Location: Found under or near each seat in aircraft used for overwater operations.
• Usage:
  • Remove the life vest from its container.
  • Place it over your head and secure the straps around your waist.
  • Inflate the vest only after exiting the aircraft to avoid restricting movement.

1.3 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

• Purpose: Transmits a distress signal to aid search and rescue teams in locating the aircraft after an accident.
• Activation:
  • Automatically activates on impact (G-switch).
  • Can be manually activated by the pilot if required.
• Maintenance: Ensure the ELT is inspected as per FAR 91.207, and replace the battery as required.

1.4 First Aid Kit

• Location: Stored within the aircraft, often in an easily accessible compartment.
• Contents: Typically includes bandages, antiseptics, scissors, and other basic medical supplies.
• Usage: Pilots and passengers should know how to access and use the first aid kit for minor injuries.

1.5 Oxygen Systems

• Purpose: Used during high-altitude operations to prevent hypoxia.
• Types:
  • Portable oxygen tanks.
  • Built-in oxygen systems with masks for each occupant.
• Usage: Ensure oxygen is flowing properly, and secure the mask over your nose and mouth.

2. Emergency Exit Procedures

Pilots and passengers must be familiar with emergency exit locations and procedures for rapid evacuation in case of an emergency.

2.1 Identifying Exits

• Emergency exits are clearly marked with signs and instructions.
• In larger aircraft, exits include doors and overwing hatches.

2.2 Evacuation Procedure

• Follow the pilot’s instructions for evacuating the aircraft.
• Leave personal belongings behind to expedite the evacuation.
• Move away from the aircraft after exiting to avoid secondary hazards such as fire or fuel leaks.

3. Emergency Communications

Effective communication during an emergency ensures that ATC and search and rescue teams are aware of the situation.

3.1 Emergency Transponder Codes

• 7500: Hijacking.
• 7600: Radio failure.
• 7700: General emergency.

3.2 Communicating with ATC

• Use "Mayday" for life-threatening emergencies.
• Use "Pan-Pan" for urgent but non-life-threatening situations.
• Provide key information:
  • Aircraft identification.
  • Nature of the emergency.
  • Intentions (e.g., emergency landing).
  • Current location and altitude.

4. Checklist Usage in Emergencies

Checklists are critical tools for managing emergencies systematically and reducing pilot workload.

• Memory Items: Some procedures must be memorized (e.g., engine fire in flight).
• Reference Checklists: Use the aircraft’s emergency checklist for detailed steps beyond memory items.
• Prioritize: Focus on critical tasks like maintaining control of the aircraft before consulting the checklist.

5. Survival Equipment

5.1 Survival Kits

• Contents: May include water, food rations, signaling devices, and basic tools.
• Usage: Ensure all passengers know where the survival kit is stored and how to use it.

5.2 Signaling Devices

• Purpose: Help search and rescue teams locate survivors.
• Examples:
  • Handheld signal mirrors.
  • Whistles and flares.

6. Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Overlooking Equipment Locations: Always know where emergency equipment is located before takeoff.
• Skipping Checklist Steps: Follow the checklist systematically to avoid missing critical actions.
• Delaying Communication: Notify ATC of emergencies promptly to receive assistance and priority handling.

7. Conclusion

Emergency equipment and procedures are vital for ensuring safety in abnormal situations. Familiarity with the location, operation, and maintenance of this equipment, combined with effective use of checklists and communication, can significantly improve outcomes during emergencies. Regular training and preparation are key to building confidence and competence.